Lexical Competence Definition and Examples

The ability to produce and understand the words of a language. Lexical competence is an aspect of both linguistic competence and communicative competence. Examples and Observations Anna GoyDuring the last decade or so more and more philosophers, linguists, psychologists, and computer scientists have become convinced that no complete account of our competence in the domain of word meaning can be given without a link between language and perception (Jackendoff, 1987; Landau Jackendoff, 1993; Harnad, 1993; Marconi, 1994). Moreover, it has been claimed that the boundary between lexical and encyclopaedic knowledge is not clear cut (or may be completely absent): the way we use, perceive and conceptualise objects is part of a kind of knowledge that not only belongs to our lexical competence, but is precisely what allows us to know the meanings of words and to use them correctly.Diego MarconiWhat does our ability to use words consist of? What kind of knowledge, and which abilities, underlie it?It seemed to me that to be able to use a word is, on the one hand, to have access to a network of connections between that word and other words and linguistic expressions: it is to know that cats are animals, that in order to arrive somewhere one has to move, that an illness is something one may be cured of, and so forth. On the other hand, to be able to use a word is to know how to map lexical items onto the real world, that is, to be capable of both naming (selecting the right word in response to a given object or circumstance) and application (selecting the right object or circumstances in response to a given word). The two abilities are, to a large extent, independent of each other. . . . The former ability can be called inferential, for it underlies our inferential performance (such as, for example, interpreting a general regulation concerning animals as applying to cats); the latter may be called referential. . . .I later discovered, thanks to Glyn Humphreys and other neuro-psychologists, that empirical research on brain-injured persons confirmed, to some extent, the intuitive picture of lexical competence I had been sketching. Inferential and refere ntial abilities appeared to be separate.Paul Miera[D]eveloping good test instruments for evaluating hypotheses about vocabulary development may be more difficult than we have typically supposed. Simply comparing the associations of L2 learners and native speakers, using ad hoc lists of words, as much of the research in this area has done, begins to look like a very unsatisfactory approach to assessing L2 lexical competence. Indeed, blunt research tools of this kind may be intrinsically incapable of evaluating the hypothesis we think we are researching. Careful simulation studies provide a way of testing out the capabilities of these instruments before they are widely used in real experiments.Michael Devitt and Kim SterelnyWhen we talk of an ability to use a name gained at a dubbing or in conversation, we are talking of competence. So competence with the name is simply an ability with it that is gained in a grounding or reference borrowing. Underlying the ability will be causal chain s of a certain type that link the name to its bearer. Since the names sense is its property of designating by that type of chain, we could say that, in a psychologically austere way, competence with a name involves grasping its sense. But competence does not require any knowledge about the sense, any knowledge that the sense is the property of designating the bearer by a certain type of causal chain. This sense is largely external to the mind and beyond the ken of the ordinary speaker.

The Impact Of Global Market On The Global Economy

Introduction In the competitive market place companies are finding that they have to not only compete in their local economy but in the global economy as well. This not only makes them susceptible to what’s taking place in their local economies but to what happens in the global economy as well. This not only effects the smaller companies but it effects the well know larger companies as well. Normally it is the smaller unknown companies that are most effected by the global market movements and they end up going out of business. However in this growing global economy the movements of the global market, now it affects all companies no matter what the size or popularity of the company. The global economy has no preference as to what size companies it effects. In todays global market place it is safe to say that it has no preference as to which size company it builds up or breaks down. This has caused most companies to be more diversified and not to count on one or two products or brand names t o keep them profitable and their doors open no matter how the global markets move (Merricks, 2010). In 1980, an economist named Antoine Van Agtmael introduced the term emerging markets . Today almost 30 years later the phrase still sticks (Merricks, 2010). Peng, (2014) describes emerging markets as, â€Å"a label that defines fast-growing developing economies since the 1990s. 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Energy Example

Essays on Energy Coursework Energy No: Energy In the past few decades, the industrial revolution brought many problems besides several economic benefits. The most important damage that the industrial revolution produced is the climate change. The climate change is due to the emissions of the green house gasses and aerosol particles from the factories and vehicles. The most emissions are produced to fulfill the energy requirements in the United States. In this way there is a need to find such resources that produce no or less harmful emissions. Renewable energy resources and nuclear energy are free from harmful emissions while coal and other fossil fuel resources produce much green house emissions. â€Å"The U.S. should expand its use of nuclear energy to generate electricity, replacing coal-fired plants with nuclear power plants as soon as possible. Nuclear power and renewable energy sources are to be preferred over coal and other fossil fuels†.Nuclear energy is free from green house gas emissions and th e most important concern in the modern world is the green house emissions. There is a need to control the green house gas emissions in order to reduce the environmental impacts of energy sector. Results show that averagely there is an increase of about 0.8-1oC rise in the temperature of the world due to the climate change. The utilization of other renewable resources like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, etc also produce no or fewer amounts of green house emissions and thus climate change can be reduced by utilizing the green house gas emissions. A nuclear power plant is a kind of a thermal power plant in which nuclear fuel replaces the fossil fuel. Thus it is feasible to replace the current coal powered power plants with the nuclear energy, as both are thermal power plants. However, there is much difference in a methods utilized to extract energy from the nuclear sources and fossil fuel sources. Some disadvantages of the nuclear power exist like exposing to the radiations, secu rity and intensity of energy. However, a better security method can minimize the security and exposing to the radiation risk. Thus nuclear power is safe and environment friendly source of energy and utilized in a massive way to reduce the effects of climate change. In the similar way, other renewable energy resources are also encouraged to be utilized.ReferencesKanellos, Michael. (January 12, 2012). â€Å"Should U.S Expend Nuclear Power†? CBSnews.com. Retrieved 20th Jane 2012 from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504466_162-6087612-504466.html

E-Choupal free essay sample

The ITC echoupal Initiative Indias agricultural sector in the 1990s can be characterized as fragmented with a fragile infrastructure. The mode of operation especially, soybean farming, has remained unchanged since their early ancestors. Along with unchanged practice, most of Indias farmers are illiterate and live in remote villages. The ITCs e-Choupal tackles the challenges posed by Indian agriculture to identify how to improve the inefficient supply chain of agricultural goods. ITC is a multi divisional company and it had identified that their International Business Division (IBD) was lagging behind other divisions. That being said, ITC seems to possess a strong sense of strategic competiveness, which allowed them to identify that the soybean portion of their model, which was two-thirds of their agricultural exports, was their key to success. ITC was able to identify and spawn their initiative through a tradition, which all-rural farmers were already dependent of, a choupal. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Choupal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through the echoupal ITC is hoping to fix the current ineffective supply chain. ITC truly believed that with greater knowledge of Just what it was purchasing when procuring crops from rural farmers, value increased for both the company and he farmer. This would allow them to have better control over the quality of the product it sourced. It would also allow knowledge sharing between themselves and the farmers and higher quality products would lead to more competitive pricing in the international market. Currently, farmers were losing 60-70% of potential crop value and the standards were on a much lower level compared to the global demand, which again negatively effects their pricing. To make matters worse there was the inclusion of a middleman, the CAs, and the mandis, which again reduced profit margins. Farmers lacked critical resources and knowledge, which resulted in poor qualities and practices. On any given day, at least 1,000 farmers could be found trying to file into the market to sell their produce. Some had to wait for two or three days Just to get into the crowed marketplace. A clear illustration of the difficulties and inefficient methods a farmer had to endure in order to sell his crop. The process included the long trip to the mandi and the wait for the auction, which was excrutating due to the lack of simple amenities. Once, the process began they would then have to deal with he pricing and the usually low CAs offers and would then have to wait for the cash payment. The CAS would then take the crops to the ITC processing facility where it would be sold at market value and not what was paid to the farmers. Any excess or unsold crops could not be stored. Regarding information, the Choupal was the only source of legitimate information for the farmers. It was done by word of mouth and the farmers lacked the basic concept of pricing models. Also, they had no access to weather reports, which made their planting of crops a crapshoot. The new physical flow would allow an alternative to the mandi. But it will not completely alienate the mandi, ITC in 2003, was still procuring about 50 percent from the farmers would go directly to sell to ITC. The trips for the farmers were the same distance as the mandis, but were well worth it due to the improved facilities. Another great incentive was that the trip would be reimbursed by ITC due to the estimated savings of $5/ton on freight costs. These new hubs did it all, they were a one-stop shop ranging from restrooms to kiosks, which paid the farmer immediately, and ability to purchase their own soybean oil, which allowed ITC to skip four or five eople in that supply chain. Most importantly was the shift in information flow. The farmers could now be armed with knowledge regarding the costs associated with traveling in order to compare their revenue from their cost of travel. They had real time prices on the web site, which would let them determine when they wanted to sell. Also, it allowed transparency with the farmers being able to physically see the numbers on the screen, this new initiative assisted in establishing the trustworthiness. They also had weather reports, global crop standards, and an ffective means of communication to share and learn best practices. They were now able to analyze market prices and global demand, which would ultimately facilitate their timing to harvest and sell their crops. I believe Leavitts model helps enable the principles ITC established in their new supply chain. Leavitts model is consists of people, structure, products and technology evolving into a strategy. echoupal places heavy emphasis on technology. Everything ranging from the computers setup at the Sanchalaks home, to providing Internet and phone connections, and kiosks at the ubs are examples of the new technological approach to the supply chain structure. The products in the new supply chain have been greatly improved through new efficient best practices not only making it profitable but high quality.