Brilliant Minds Essay Research Paper Running head

Splendid Minds Essay, Research Paper Runing caput: BRILLIANT MINDS Splendid Minds of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Willie B. Slope, Jr. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale ________________________________________________________________ ELM-300 Introduction to Electronic Management Research Spring Semester 2000 Fortification Gordon, Georgia Contentss Page Unique # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .3 Presentation # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; 4 Movement STUDY # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .4 Weariness STUDY # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .6 End # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .7 REFERENCES # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .8 Deliberation Candid and Lillian Gilbreth were two of the incredible trend-setters of in the review of Scientific Management. Two of there significant Hagiographas were on Fatigue Study and Motion Study. Business bookmans utilize a significant number of their Hagiographas, today. Huge numbers of their outcomes influence the work conditions in numerous organizations. Splendid Minds of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Straight to the point Gilbreth was conceived on July 7, 1868 in Fairfield, Maine. Lillian Gilbreth was conceived on June 24, 1924 in Montclair, New Jersey. The Gilbreths # 8217 ; are viewed as two of the best American bookmans in the field of logical course. Numerous expert concern executives utilize a significant number of their Hagiographas. A considerable lot of their Hagiographas incorporate The Psychology of Management, Fatigue Study, Motion Study for the Handicapped, Applied Motion Study, Motion Study, Primer of Scientific Management, Bricklaying System, and Concrete System. One of the incredible abstract Hagiographas by the Gilbreths was the study of signal. Signal overview is an office to changeless and down to earth squander riddance ( Gilbreth, 1917 ) . This work is expect to portray the work nations that motion study can be or is being applied and various strategies to use to the overview. At last, the result of the overview. Signal overview was predominantly utilized in American Industry. The finish of this study was to stifle unneeded endeavor utilized in the business to each piece low as could be expected under the circumstances. The advancement of an occupation undertaking while at the same time expanding productiveness was the outcome. The American mechanical part was utilized on the grounds that it was spread trip during this clasp and America expected to better modern procedures to remain competitory against different states. Motion study broke down each definite in the activity to execute a curious endeavor and decided the strategy which utilized minimal total of vitality. A representation of this exploration is the get together of piece utilized in the creation of the braider made by the New England Butt Company ( Gilberth 1917 ) . After investigation using signal overview there was a 300 and 50 for every centum expansion underway with no expansion in specialist exhaustion ( Gilbreth 1917 ) . The investigation comprised of what is the unit of step, the distinction techniques utilized, and gadgets required. Every one of the three are should have been joined to acquire an outcome. The utilization of chronocyclegraph motion gadgets was another technique utilized in signal overview. Chronocyclegraph gadgets were utilized in the study to elucidate an exact logical choice to a test. Timekeepers, temperature, and area gadgets was utilized during the review. This was important to procure the precise clasp of twenty-four hours, temperature, and topographic point a study was performed. The data can be notice in the great beyond or the present by researcher and bookmans to think about other logical results from motion study. The third kind used to settle on a choice in motion study was a motion hypothetical record. Motion hypothetical records were utilized mostly in instructive segment ( Spriegel 1953 ) . It managed the various strategies for guidance by a man. The layout of the overview was that various techniques are utilized to execute the endeavor than what is educated by the educator. In one delineation, the educator encouraged a person who was new to a point an extremely careful record on the best way to help through the endeavor, which was truly cut devouring ( Gilbreth 1917 ) . On the different manus, when truly executing the endeavor the instructor utilized shorts that diminished the whole of clasp to execute the endeavor ( Gilbreth 1917 ) . One more of the Gilbreths # 8217 ; plants was an overview of exhaustion in the work environment Fatigue is the weariness from work or exertion ( Webster 1994 ) . This was intended to first, to discover what kinds of business causes various sorts of exhaustion. Second, to gauge how unneeded exhaustion can be wiped out. Third, to chop down the whole of exhaustion in the work environment each piece low as could be expected under the circumstances. Fourth, to discover various strategies to fight exhaustion. Fifth, to set the data accumulated by the study in a signifier that the mean laborer can comprehend. The two sorts of exhaustion are fundamental and unneeded. Pointless exhaustion is brought about by work that utilizes more vitality to help through an endeavor than is required or executing an occupation that ought to non be performed to make an end ( Myers 1953 ) . A decent representation of lazy vitality is crafted by the bricklayer. The strategy for a considerable length of time was for the bricklayer to raise his natural structure, the howitzer, and the blocks from the land to the highest point of the building ( Gilbreth 1916 ) . This kind of work utilized a major aggregate of unneeded vitality. Important exhaustion is brought about by the accomplishment of any endeavor. For outline, there may be an advancement to a work technique, which brought about an expansion of productiveness by 50 for every centum. Despite the fact that more work was cultivated in a similar total of clasp it did non or can be relied upon to stifle all exhaustion. One of the most viable approaches to chop down exhaustion is to better the workplace of a representative. The business needs to ensure a laborer has satisfactory clasp to rest and pass cut with the family unit at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. One of the approaches to ensure a representative is non depleted is to gracefully a lunch period and at any rate one twenty-four hours a hebdomad off from work. Another strategy is to ensure the correct gear is utilized to execute an endeavor. The Gilbreths # 8217 ; did an overview, in which, they gave a lean sponsorship seat to all specialists in an organization. After one hebdomad of use the organization expansion productiveness with less specialist exhaustion ( Spriegel 1953 ) . Appropriate lighting in the working environment is another way to chop down exhaustion. On the off chance that a work environment has exorbitantly a lot or non bounty illuming the laborers will tire at a more noteworthy rate since it will do unchanging settlement and re-modification of the eyes. Choice Improvement of working conditions is crucial to expanding specialist productiveness. The Gilbreths # 8217 ; devoted their lives to imagine strategies to chop down laborer exhaustion and misuse of unneeded vitality. A significant number of their contemplations are consolidated to numerous Torahs passed by the specialists during the 1930s # 8217 ; and 1940s # 8217 ; . Disappointment of worries to adhere to the guidelines of the Gilbreths # 8217 ; could result in lower laborer productiveness and resolve. An of import fixing in an organization # 8217 ; s benefit is a decent connection with bearing and the representative. Book index Notices Gilbreth, F. , A ; Gilbreth L. ( 1916 ) . Exhaustion Study. New York: Sturgis A ; Walton Co. Gilbreth, F. , A ; Gilbreth L. ( 1911 ) . Signal Study. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. Merriam-Webster # 8217 ; s School Dictionary ( 1994 ) . Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc. Meyers, C. E. , Spriegel W. R. ( Eds. ) . ( 1953 ) The Writings of the Gilbreths. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

Three Levels of Management

Three Levels of Management Presentation Data framework implies by which individuals and associations use advances, gather, store utilize and appropriate data. Great data framework is utilized to give significant data to dynamic. The data innovation might be utilized for the preparing, putting away or conveyance of information. These innovations on the whole incorporate data innovation and information. It is a sorted out mix of individuals, equipment, programming, interchanges systems, and information assets that stores and recovers, change and spread data in an association. Main elements of data frameworks issystems investigation and configuration, in other words, examining a clients business condition (or inconvenience), with concession towards data handling, and planning and actualizing a suitable㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ generally computerized㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ solution to the trouble. Data frameworks experts who center in this part are known assystems examiners. The strategy starts with a total assurance of the customers data n eeds and business forms. The outcome regularly includes different programming, notwithstanding the utilization of a reasonable application programming package(s), for instance a database the executives framework (DBMS) utilized for planning and actualizing a database for the client. It might likewise include various systems administration contemplations, contingent upon the clients needs and objectives. Levels of the executives The term level of the board alludes to a line of outline between different administrative positions. The quantity of levels of the executives relies on the size, innovation, degree, of assorted variety and nature of item. There are principally three degrees of the executives in the majority of the association. There are Top level administration Center level administration Lower level administration Top level administration Top level comprises of the top managerial staff, head supervisor and other senior administrators. They fix the destinations of the association. They fix the goals of the association. They get ready approaches and takes significant choices to achieve the goals of the association. They issue guidance and requests to bring down level administration. Each association runs by the administrators in that association, who are making feeling in the all stride of authoritative exercises. In a major association the PC division answerable for giving data or information likewise called administration data office. In a hierarchical data framework is utilized to convey and break down the in each degree of the association. In this level settles on the board goals of an association. Undertaking asset arranging Undertaking asset arranging is a technique to include the data and procedures of an association into one single framework. For the most part Enterprise asset arranging frameworks will have a ton of works including equipment and programming, so as to achieve combination, most ERP frameworks utilize a joined database to store information for various capacities build up everywhere throughout the association. The word ERP initially alluded to how a major association wanted to utilize authoritative wide assets. In the past,ERP systemswere utilized in better increasingly modern sorts of organizations. Notwithstanding, the utilization of ERP has changed and is truly finished, these days the word can allude to each sort of organization, regardless of what industry it falls in. In reality ERP frameworks are utilized in around each kind of association huge or little. With the goal for asoftwaresystem to be considered ERP, it must furnish an association with usefulness for at least two frameworks. While some ERP bundles exist that solitary spread two capacities for an association (QuickBooks: Payroll Accounting), most ERP frameworks spread a few capacities. Official Information Systems (EIS) An Executive Information System (EIS) is a kind of the executives data framework wanted to help and bolster the data and dynamic needs of senior administrators by given that basic access to both interior and outside data identified with meeting the vital objectives of the association. The significance of official data framework is on graphical showcases and simple to utilize UIs. EIS are venture enormous choice emotionally supportive network that assists top with leveling administrators study, assess and accentuate inclines in significant factors so they can check execution and distinguish openings and inconveniences. Center level administration Center level comprises of head of money related offices. They are mindful to top administration. They are worried about association and heading capacity of the board. Understanding of the projects and strategies convey by the top level administration, sorting out and keeping an eye on their areas of expertise according to the primary arrangement, plan the departmental activities, control guide and propel their laborers to achieve the goal, co-work and co-ordinate with different divisions, assess the presentation of his subordinates, gather reports and statics from the lower and send in to top level administration. These are the elements of center level administration. Gain and mastermind the assets to meet the objectives of an association. In this level characterize the point by point errands to be completed at the operational level. The board data and announcing frameworks (MIS):- These frameworks present mid-level and ranking directors through intermittent, frequently summed up, data that assist them with deciding execution (e.g., a demanding locales deals execution in a specific timeframe) and make right choice dependent on that data. Give center level administration reports that sum up and classify data got from organization database. Choice emotionally supportive networks (DSS): These frameworks are considered to help mid-level and more elevated level administrators make those confounded choices about which not all related limitation is known. There are choice emotionally supportive networks that help out gatherings to make agreement based choices; this is notable as cooperative choice emotionally supportive networks. A sort of choice emotionally supportive network that is intended for the most part for elevated level higher chiefs is theexecutive data system(EIS) orexecutive help system(ESS). As this can do very detail investigations, much the same as a customary DSS, it is planned essentially to assist officials with continueing track of a little specific things that are basic to their everyday significant level choices. Master frameworks: A specialist framework is worked with structure enthusiastic about the PC the reasoning procedures and dynamic heuristics of a customary authority in a demanding field. Thus, this sort of data framework istheoreticallyable of settling on choices for a client, in view of information got from the client Lower level administration Lower level administration is otherwise called administrative administration. This level incorporates administrators, foremen, posse chief, accounts official, deals official and so forth. They are progressively worried about course and control capacity of the executives. Their capacities are:- plan for a day or powerless, sort out the exercises of his gathering, apportion work to the laborers under him, issue guidelines at the site, persuade the representatives, orchestrate materials, machines, apparatuses and so forth for laborers, give direction and manage the representatives, to keep up order and great relations with the gatherings. Most choices at in this level require effectively characterized data that identifies with the present status and exercises inside the essential business capacities. Data is picked up from confined report which contains data about routine exercises. Nitty gritty undertakings characterized by center administration are completed by individuals at operational level. Exchange handling frameworks (TPS):- These documentation and method of an associations exchanges, for instance deals exchanges or stock things, from the moment everyone is first made until it leaves the framework. This assistance out the administrators at the day by day viable level monitor every day exchanges notwithstanding make choices on when to put orders, make transfer, and very quickly. These frameworks catch and procedure about business exchanges. Now and again its called as information preparing frameworks. It is for the most part utilized at operational level. Normally makes nitty gritty reports of day by day exchanges or future exchanges. Reports produced are helpful just to bring down level administrators of the association. Toyota Enterprises Information Systems Toyota Motor Corporation Australia (TMCA) is the second biggest vehicle maker in Australia. Toyota Australia has sent out more than 60000 vehicles to more than 20 diverse business areas worldwide in 2003.Toyota Industries is creating and fabricating data frameworks, for example, the Warehouse Management System (WMS), and the stocking the board framework for programmed distribution centers. At the point when joined with the coordinations gear of TOYOTA Material Handling Company, we can give our clients improved coordinations arrangements at their worksite. Business-to-customer (B2C):- The fundamental parts of business - to-purchaser this is the most widely recognized structure in web based business. The business is offering its things to a person. The provider is the entrepreneur and the buyer is the individual customer. In selling things through the site, entrepreneurs for the most part makes inventories and web based shopping baskets for the purchasers to browse and for the entrepreneurs to acknowledge online installments. Business-to-business (B2B):- The purchasers and the dealers are both entrepreneurs. This is the sort wherein selling is among the organizations. For the most part items that are sold by organizations are not fabricated by their own organization. They promptly bought those items all through wholesalers or from the item producer itself. For instance, Toyota Motors does a lot of B2B dealings like buying the tires, glasses, elastic hoses and different pieces of Toyota vehicles from another maker. Shopper to-buyer (C2C):- Consumer-to-purchaser a

What to Look for in a Lab Report

What to Look for in a Lab ReportLab reports are very important documents that are required by all doctors in order to provide a thorough assessment of a patient's condition. This is an important document and is used to identify any discrepancies in the original test results and to make decisions regarding further tests, medication and diagnosis. So, if you're looking for a lab report, here are some things that you should keep in mind:If there is any unusual or unexpected behavior in the medical history of the patient, it is important to note down this data. The reason for doing so is to be able to get medical advice for the patient. This could either be based on the history given to the doctor, or whether there are any new findings which need to be considered.It is also important to assess the other parts of the medical history. Look at any known side effects from the medication, and talk to the patient about any allergic reactions that he has experienced. Take note of any exercise a nd diet which the patient has followed, and compare the results with the information provided to the doctor. This is very important information and will allow the doctor to be able to decide whether the treatment will be effective or not.Always include any negative effects of the medication in the medical history. It is a requirement under the law that every patient should be aware of any possible drug interactions, as well as any other potential drug-related problem that may have come up. All medications should be properly reported. Make sure to list all medications that the patient is currently taking and any medication taken before the introduction of the new one.Write down all the information concerning the patient as best as you can and provide them with a copy of the report. It is also important to make notes of any other symptoms which may be present such as abdominal pain, vomiting or faintness, and ensure that these are recorded on the report as well.Include the special ins tructions which were given to the patient. For example, if the patient had taken prior medication for low blood sugar and experienced a bout of hypoglycemia immediately after the medication was discontinued, it is essential to mention this in the report. Any change in the medication dosage or the methods that the patient is taking the medicine would also need to be mentioned.If the laboratory report that was requested by the doctor is incorrect, the patient may want to clarify any information that they deem inappropriate. This is an important step to take as it will help the doctor to get the information that he needs to accurately make a decision. It is important to note that you cannot get medical advice from the lab report, only the patient can do so.The most important thing to remember when you have your medical histories reviewed is that the medical reports are used to determine what is actually wrong with the patient. The doctor should not be kept in the dark about any problem s that are developing because he might use this information to refuse the medication, or some other treatment option.

Lexical Competence Definition and Examples

The ability to produce and understand the words of a language. Lexical competence is an aspect of both linguistic competence and communicative competence. Examples and Observations Anna GoyDuring the last decade or so more and more philosophers, linguists, psychologists, and computer scientists have become convinced that no complete account of our competence in the domain of word meaning can be given without a link between language and perception (Jackendoff, 1987; Landau Jackendoff, 1993; Harnad, 1993; Marconi, 1994). Moreover, it has been claimed that the boundary between lexical and encyclopaedic knowledge is not clear cut (or may be completely absent): the way we use, perceive and conceptualise objects is part of a kind of knowledge that not only belongs to our lexical competence, but is precisely what allows us to know the meanings of words and to use them correctly.Diego MarconiWhat does our ability to use words consist of? What kind of knowledge, and which abilities, underlie it?It seemed to me that to be able to use a word is, on the one hand, to have access to a network of connections between that word and other words and linguistic expressions: it is to know that cats are animals, that in order to arrive somewhere one has to move, that an illness is something one may be cured of, and so forth. On the other hand, to be able to use a word is to know how to map lexical items onto the real world, that is, to be capable of both naming (selecting the right word in response to a given object or circumstance) and application (selecting the right object or circumstances in response to a given word). The two abilities are, to a large extent, independent of each other. . . . The former ability can be called inferential, for it underlies our inferential performance (such as, for example, interpreting a general regulation concerning animals as applying to cats); the latter may be called referential. . . .I later discovered, thanks to Glyn Humphreys and other neuro-psychologists, that empirical research on brain-injured persons confirmed, to some extent, the intuitive picture of lexical competence I had been sketching. Inferential and refere ntial abilities appeared to be separate.Paul Miera[D]eveloping good test instruments for evaluating hypotheses about vocabulary development may be more difficult than we have typically supposed. Simply comparing the associations of L2 learners and native speakers, using ad hoc lists of words, as much of the research in this area has done, begins to look like a very unsatisfactory approach to assessing L2 lexical competence. Indeed, blunt research tools of this kind may be intrinsically incapable of evaluating the hypothesis we think we are researching. Careful simulation studies provide a way of testing out the capabilities of these instruments before they are widely used in real experiments.Michael Devitt and Kim SterelnyWhen we talk of an ability to use a name gained at a dubbing or in conversation, we are talking of competence. So competence with the name is simply an ability with it that is gained in a grounding or reference borrowing. Underlying the ability will be causal chain s of a certain type that link the name to its bearer. Since the names sense is its property of designating by that type of chain, we could say that, in a psychologically austere way, competence with a name involves grasping its sense. But competence does not require any knowledge about the sense, any knowledge that the sense is the property of designating the bearer by a certain type of causal chain. This sense is largely external to the mind and beyond the ken of the ordinary speaker.

The Impact Of Global Market On The Global Economy

Introduction In the competitive market place companies are finding that they have to not only compete in their local economy but in the global economy as well. This not only makes them susceptible to what’s taking place in their local economies but to what happens in the global economy as well. This not only effects the smaller companies but it effects the well know larger companies as well. Normally it is the smaller unknown companies that are most effected by the global market movements and they end up going out of business. However in this growing global economy the movements of the global market, now it affects all companies no matter what the size or popularity of the company. The global economy has no preference as to what size companies it effects. In todays global market place it is safe to say that it has no preference as to which size company it builds up or breaks down. This has caused most companies to be more diversified and not to count on one or two products or brand names t o keep them profitable and their doors open no matter how the global markets move (Merricks, 2010). In 1980, an economist named Antoine Van Agtmael introduced the term emerging markets . Today almost 30 years later the phrase still sticks (Merricks, 2010). Peng, (2014) describes emerging markets as, â€Å"a label that defines fast-growing developing economies since the 1990s. 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The framework of the global economy has changed dramatically dueRead MoreGlobalization and Its Impact on International Business Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Globalization’s impacts on international business†¦..7 The road ahead for international business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Introduction Every day we hear it on the news, read it in the papers, overhear people talking about it†¦ and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a different meaning. So, what is globalization? What are its main drivers? Why and how does globalization impact international business? What’sRead MoreGlobal Oil Crisis1508 Words   |  7 Pagescalled â€Å"the global oil crisis†. 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Energy Example

Essays on Energy Coursework Energy No: Energy In the past few decades, the industrial revolution brought many problems besides several economic benefits. The most important damage that the industrial revolution produced is the climate change. The climate change is due to the emissions of the green house gasses and aerosol particles from the factories and vehicles. The most emissions are produced to fulfill the energy requirements in the United States. In this way there is a need to find such resources that produce no or less harmful emissions. Renewable energy resources and nuclear energy are free from harmful emissions while coal and other fossil fuel resources produce much green house emissions. â€Å"The U.S. should expand its use of nuclear energy to generate electricity, replacing coal-fired plants with nuclear power plants as soon as possible. Nuclear power and renewable energy sources are to be preferred over coal and other fossil fuels†.Nuclear energy is free from green house gas emissions and th e most important concern in the modern world is the green house emissions. There is a need to control the green house gas emissions in order to reduce the environmental impacts of energy sector. Results show that averagely there is an increase of about 0.8-1oC rise in the temperature of the world due to the climate change. The utilization of other renewable resources like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, etc also produce no or fewer amounts of green house emissions and thus climate change can be reduced by utilizing the green house gas emissions. A nuclear power plant is a kind of a thermal power plant in which nuclear fuel replaces the fossil fuel. Thus it is feasible to replace the current coal powered power plants with the nuclear energy, as both are thermal power plants. However, there is much difference in a methods utilized to extract energy from the nuclear sources and fossil fuel sources. Some disadvantages of the nuclear power exist like exposing to the radiations, secu rity and intensity of energy. However, a better security method can minimize the security and exposing to the radiation risk. Thus nuclear power is safe and environment friendly source of energy and utilized in a massive way to reduce the effects of climate change. In the similar way, other renewable energy resources are also encouraged to be utilized.ReferencesKanellos, Michael. (January 12, 2012). â€Å"Should U.S Expend Nuclear Power†? CBSnews.com. Retrieved 20th Jane 2012 from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504466_162-6087612-504466.html

E-Choupal free essay sample

The ITC echoupal Initiative Indias agricultural sector in the 1990s can be characterized as fragmented with a fragile infrastructure. The mode of operation especially, soybean farming, has remained unchanged since their early ancestors. Along with unchanged practice, most of Indias farmers are illiterate and live in remote villages. The ITCs e-Choupal tackles the challenges posed by Indian agriculture to identify how to improve the inefficient supply chain of agricultural goods. ITC is a multi divisional company and it had identified that their International Business Division (IBD) was lagging behind other divisions. That being said, ITC seems to possess a strong sense of strategic competiveness, which allowed them to identify that the soybean portion of their model, which was two-thirds of their agricultural exports, was their key to success. ITC was able to identify and spawn their initiative through a tradition, which all-rural farmers were already dependent of, a choupal. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Choupal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through the echoupal ITC is hoping to fix the current ineffective supply chain. ITC truly believed that with greater knowledge of Just what it was purchasing when procuring crops from rural farmers, value increased for both the company and he farmer. This would allow them to have better control over the quality of the product it sourced. It would also allow knowledge sharing between themselves and the farmers and higher quality products would lead to more competitive pricing in the international market. Currently, farmers were losing 60-70% of potential crop value and the standards were on a much lower level compared to the global demand, which again negatively effects their pricing. To make matters worse there was the inclusion of a middleman, the CAs, and the mandis, which again reduced profit margins. Farmers lacked critical resources and knowledge, which resulted in poor qualities and practices. On any given day, at least 1,000 farmers could be found trying to file into the market to sell their produce. Some had to wait for two or three days Just to get into the crowed marketplace. A clear illustration of the difficulties and inefficient methods a farmer had to endure in order to sell his crop. The process included the long trip to the mandi and the wait for the auction, which was excrutating due to the lack of simple amenities. Once, the process began they would then have to deal with he pricing and the usually low CAs offers and would then have to wait for the cash payment. The CAS would then take the crops to the ITC processing facility where it would be sold at market value and not what was paid to the farmers. Any excess or unsold crops could not be stored. Regarding information, the Choupal was the only source of legitimate information for the farmers. It was done by word of mouth and the farmers lacked the basic concept of pricing models. Also, they had no access to weather reports, which made their planting of crops a crapshoot. The new physical flow would allow an alternative to the mandi. But it will not completely alienate the mandi, ITC in 2003, was still procuring about 50 percent from the farmers would go directly to sell to ITC. The trips for the farmers were the same distance as the mandis, but were well worth it due to the improved facilities. Another great incentive was that the trip would be reimbursed by ITC due to the estimated savings of $5/ton on freight costs. These new hubs did it all, they were a one-stop shop ranging from restrooms to kiosks, which paid the farmer immediately, and ability to purchase their own soybean oil, which allowed ITC to skip four or five eople in that supply chain. Most importantly was the shift in information flow. The farmers could now be armed with knowledge regarding the costs associated with traveling in order to compare their revenue from their cost of travel. They had real time prices on the web site, which would let them determine when they wanted to sell. Also, it allowed transparency with the farmers being able to physically see the numbers on the screen, this new initiative assisted in establishing the trustworthiness. They also had weather reports, global crop standards, and an ffective means of communication to share and learn best practices. They were now able to analyze market prices and global demand, which would ultimately facilitate their timing to harvest and sell their crops. I believe Leavitts model helps enable the principles ITC established in their new supply chain. Leavitts model is consists of people, structure, products and technology evolving into a strategy. echoupal places heavy emphasis on technology. Everything ranging from the computers setup at the Sanchalaks home, to providing Internet and phone connections, and kiosks at the ubs are examples of the new technological approach to the supply chain structure. The products in the new supply chain have been greatly improved through new efficient best practices not only making it profitable but high quality.

Manufacture In Scotland Today Essays - Economy Of Scotland

Manufacture In Scotland Today Manufacture In Scotland Today Contents Contents page Page 1 Introduction Page 2 Electronics Page 3 Semiconductors Page 5 Aerospace Page 6 Automotive Page 7 Conclusion Page 8 References Page 9 "Manufacturing In Scotland Today" Introduction This report is not so much on the state of the manufacturing industry in Scotland but rather of it's current success. Scottish productivity consistently ranks among the highest worldwide and multinational companies have expanded their presence in Scotland to capitalise on this. Due to the extent of the manufacturing industry in Scotland I am going to focus on four areas these being: Electronics, Semiconductors, Aerospace and Automotive manufacture. Other major areas of manufacture in Scotland include Biotechnology (which I will touch upon later), Food (with annual sales totalling 7.3 billion) and Textiles. Scotland is the home to around 550 electronics companies including multinational giants such as IBM, Compaq, Motorola, Matsushita and Phillips. Scotland also has one of the highest concentrations of semiconductor fabrication companies in Europe including NEC, Motorola, National Semiconductors and Raytheon Systems. While the Scottish aerospace industry comprises of 52 companies including BAE Aerostructures, GEC Marconi Radar and Control Systems, Greenwich Caledonian, Rohr, Bond Helicopters and Woodward Governor and it has world-class expertise in electronics, plastics and aluminium founding, all of which are increasingly important in automotive manufacture. All these companies chose Scotland. Home to Europe's most experienced electronics work-force the Scots are known worldwide for their work ethic, as well as for their skills and initiative they are praised for low turnover rates, low absenteeism, and high levels of responsiveness to training and new technologies. Partly this can be put down to Scotland's educational system which places particular emphasis on electrical engineering, science, mathematics and computer-related studies. Also producing more engineering graduates per capita than all other EU nations. Scotland also offers the ideal location for companies requiring access to the European market through access to Europe in a matter of hours with it's modern airports, motorways, deep water seaports and advanced rail freight connections with Europe. Electronics The so called Silicon Glen area of Central Scotland is one of the most concentrated areas of electronics activity in Europe. Home to many companies from America, Japan, as well as European multi-nationals and of course independent Scottish companies. Many leading electronics companies have operations in Scotland, including IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Canon, Compaq, Packard Bell, NEC, Sun Microsystems and Mitsubishi. Altogether they employ 41,000 people, with another 29,900 supporting directly. Total product sales of the Scottish electronics sector amounted to 15.5 billion in 1996 with Scotland producing: ? 32% of personal computers made in Europe, ? more than 7% of the world's PCs, ? 80% of Europe's workstations, ? 29% of Europe's notebooks and ? 65% of Europe's automated banking machines. Optoelectronics Electrical and optical engineering is Scotland's largest manufacturing area representing 23% of the countries total manufacturing. Scotland is a world leader in optoelectronics with the likes of Pilkington Optronics a major developer in military optical systems including periscopes, military laser range finders and thermal imaging systems. GEC Marconi avionics also use their military expertise in laser targeting and guidance systems. Edinburgh Instruments manufacture all kinds of state of the art lasers. VLSI Vision have developed a new single-chip video camera which is being used used in security systems, medical and automotive products not to mention personal computers and children's toys. Microlase also develop lasers for use in biotechnology and semiconductor research. Telecommunications Scotland is home to four of the worlds top ten telecommunications companies including Motorola, Cisco, Lucent and 3Com. Motorola a world leader in portable communications systems operates from Scotland manufacturing a wide range of products, including mobile phones, for the European market. Hewlett-Packard also who have been operating a plant in Scotland for over 30 years where they manufacture products for testing telecommunications systems. Information Systems Scotland has been at the forefront of the global information systems industry for over 40 years with leading companies like NCR, Honeywell and IBM all of which take advantage of the countries solid support infrastructure and communications links to serve the markets of Europe and beyond. Scotland produces Personal computers, including desktop and laptop models. Processing systems, such as electronic funds transfer and automatic teller machines. Peripherals, including display monitors, keyboards, printers and data communication products. Support products, such as disk drives, cable harnesses and switched-mode supplies. Also the Scottish software industry has a turnover of 1.5 billion and employs around 20,000 people. Semiconductors Scotland's semiconductor fabrication plants employ over 5,500 people, and suppliers to the semiconductor industry employ 2,700. Scotland has a 7% share of the EMEA semiconductor production capacity and a 33% share of the UK capacity. Companies choose to locate in Scotland as it is home to the UK's National Microelectronics Institute which tackles any problems that companies from throughout the UK may have. Whilst providing training and the

Overview of the Sentencing Stage in Criminal Cases

Overview of the Sentencing Stage in Criminal Cases One of the final stages of a criminal trial is sentencing. If you have reached the sentencing stage, that means that you have pleaded guilty or were found guilty by a jury or judge. If you are guilty of a crime, you will face punishment for your actions and that is usually sentencing by a judge. That punishment can vary widely from crime to crime. In most states the statute that makes the action a criminal offense also establishes the maximum sentence that can be given for a conviction- for example, in the state of Georgia, the maximum  fine for possession of up to 1 ounce of marijuana (a misdemeanor) is $1,000 and/or up to 12 months in jail. But, judges often do not give the maximum sentence based on a variety of factors and circumstances. Pre-Sentencing Report If you plead guilty to a crime, whether as part of a plea deal or not, sentencing for the crime is usually done immediately. This is particularly the case when the crime is an infraction or a misdemeanor. If the crime is a felony and the defendant is facing substantial prison time, sentencing is usually delayed until the judge in the case can hear from the prosecution, the defense,  and receive a pre-sentencing report from the local probation department. Victim Impact Statements In a growing number of states, judges must also hear statements from the victims of the crime before sentencing. These victim impact statements can have a significant influence on the final sentence. Possible Punishments The judge has several punishment options that he can impose during sentencing. Those options can be imposed singularly or in combination with others. If you have been convicted, a judge can order you to: Pay a finePay restitution to the victimGo to jail or prisonServe a time on probationDo community serviceComplete educational remediation, counseling, or a treatment program Discretion in Sentencing Many states have passed laws that provide for mandatory sentencing for certain crimes, such as child molestation or drunken driving. If you are convicted of one of those crimes, the judge has little discretion in sentencing and must follow the guidelines outlined  in the law. Otherwise, judges have wide discretion in how they form their sentences. For example, a judge can order you to pay a $500 fine and serve 30 days in jail, or he can just fine you with no jail time. Also, a judge can sentence you to jail time, but suspend the sentence as long as you complete the terms of your probation. Special Probation Terms In the case of alcohol or drug-related convictions, the judge can order you to complete a substance abuse treatment program or in the case of a drunk driving conviction, order you to attend a driving education program. The judge is also free to add specific restrictions to the terms of your probation, such as staying away from the victim, submitting to a search at any time, not traveling out of state, or submitting to random drug testing. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors Several factors can influence the final sentence the judge decides to hand down. These are called aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Some of them may include: Whether or not you are a repeat offenderWhether or not someone was injured during the crimeYour background and characterIf you express remorse or regretThe nature of the crime itselfImpact statements from the victims The background report the judge receives from the probation department can also have an influence on the strength of the sentence. If the report indicates that you are a productive member of society who made a mistake, the sentence might be much lighter than if it indicates you are a career criminal with no real work history. Consecutive and Current Sentences If you were convicted or entered a guilty plea to more than one crime, the judge can impose a separate sentence for each of those convictions. The judge has the discretion to make those sentences either consecutive or concurrent. If the sentences are consecutive, you will serve one sentence and then begin serving the next. In other words, the sentences are added to each other. If the sentences are concurrent, that means they are being served at the same time. The Death Penalty Most states have special laws regarding the imposing of a  sentence in a death penalty case. In some cases, a judge can impose the death penalty, but in most cases, it is decided by a jury. The same jury that voted to find the defendant guilty will reconvene to hear arguments for and against the death penalty. The jury will then deliberate to determine whether to sentence the defendant to life in prison or death by execution. In some states, the jurys decision is binding on the judge, whereas in other states, the jurys vote is merely a recommendation that the judge must consider before determining the final sentence.

Military attack strategies in Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Military attack strategies in Singapore - Essay Example Singapore’s military force (Singapore Armed Forces) was actually formed with the help of Israel. The state then adopted â€Å"the Israeli model of a national conscript defense† (Singh 16). Conscription was done by requiring the male citizens who were able-bodied and at least eighteen years of age to serve a term in the armed forces of the country (â€Å"Conscription†). During this period, they were taught the basics of military training, the laws of war and the commitment to defend the country in case of invasion. For the following years, Singapore has successfully built â€Å"an impressive defense capability† (Singh 16). However, this defense concept was changed, the â€Å"poisonous shrimp† strategy was transformed into â€Å"porcupine strategy† (Singh 16). Accordingly, the former Chief of Operations, Singapore Armed Forces, Lee Hsien Loong justified such change by contending that â€Å"the Republic needed to adopt a defense posture that wa s capable of inflicting intolerable costs on potential enemies as well as to outlast attacks in actual combat† (qtd. in Singh 16). He said: â€Å"So we need a policy which says, if you come, I’ll whack you, and I’ll survive / This is a workable strategy / I may not completely destroy you, but you will have to pay a high price for trying to subdue me and you may still not succeed† (Loong, qtd. in Singh 16). Obviously, this statement is practically a warning to any group or country which has a plan to invade Singapore. It is violent indeed but is strong enough to erase plans of attack by invaders.

Effects on the Only Child in a Blended Family and How to Build a Term Paper

Effects on the Only Child in a Blended Family and How to Build a Healthy Bond - Term Paper Example The personality characteristics of an only child are not perceived too positively by people generally. It is pre-supposed that they are children who are mostly spoiled brats. In China, one child is encouraged to bring down population growth. These little ones are called little emperors and are considered to be spoilt brats world over. According to Falbo, research on work in this area indicates otherwise. According to research conducted by him an only child tends to be more achieving, motivated and successful. However in a blended family and in social circuits the problems that crop up are significantly different. (Meyer) First of all, lets throw some insight into the concept of a blended family. A blended family is one in which there is a child included from the previous relationship in the family that was created by a new marriage. In other words only one child from the previous relationship can construe a blended family. If one is to put forth an honest account then humans have a n atural inclination that indices them to favor their own children. These children enjoy the bonus by virtue of conception. The blended family presents one with a very complex and difficult challenge to deal with. It is the challenge to honor, take care of and protect the only child in the blended family. It is to treat them as equals without letting the children of the spouse gets effected. There are a lot of ways in which a healthy bond can be developed in a blended family. A major disadvantage of favoring one’s own child while against a step child is the kind of adverse impacts such favoritism has on the psychology of the step child. It ends up bringing down the self esteem of the step child. Children are too naive to be able to understand the natural and dynamic bonding of the child with his biological parent. They will not be able to rationalize any differential treatment in this regard. They would want to be treated with just as much love, affection and care. They would w ant to be respected henceforth as well. Anything less would not go down well with them and they will feel less important and less loved. So in a blended family, parents have to be cautious in nurturing a healthy bond with both the step child as well as the only child. While it’s only fair, to have that special bond with one’s own child, the parent must figure out ways to develop his/her bond with the step child. This can be easy because no two people are the same. Similarly no two children are alike too. If one wants to, they can find ways to make both children special in their own rights. Once when enters into a marriage with someone who already has a child, there is given understanding that one will the child as if it was his/her own. If the child is not given equal treatment as the stepparent’s child, it will end up having a lasting impact on the child’s ability to gel well with other people. He is expected to suffer from an identity crisis, will strug gle developing a healthy self identity and would not be able to lead a life which is free of all kinds of emotional clutter. (Blended famiy focus) If one’s bias towards their only child, then this can jeopardize the marriage to and can have a severe impact on one’s relationship with the spouse and ultimately put the marriage on the rocks. No spouse would want to live under the belief that the care of their child has been

Barack Obama And John Kennedy Comparison

Barack Obama And John Kennedy Comparison During Barack Obamas presidential campaign 2008 the media often called him the black Kennedy or the new JFK. But why are they compared to each other? The 35th and 44th president of the United States of America were both democrats and very charismatic, but this is not unusual for American politicians. The lives of Obama and Kennedy will be the main topic in this paper, additionally articles and speeches will be used. The first Chapter will contain the biographies of the two presidents, to give a brief background. The second Chapter will contain a closer look at the comparison of Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy. During this Chapter I will contrast specific points which show how similar or, as the case may be different the two presidents are. There will be a comparison of their education, political career and family life. In this end this text will conclude whether the comparison is doing justice to either of the two presidents. Biography John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29th 1917 (Pergande 2011: 18) and grew up in a white privileged family, which is involved in the political system of the United States of America since the 1880s (Pergande 2011: 13, 18). From his early childhood he had the privilege to receive a good education, for example in 1930 he went to Canterbury in Connecticut, a catholic boarding school and later he visited the protestant elite school Chaote, also in Connecticut. He started college at the London School of Economics, but after he became sick due to an, at that point unknown illness, he went to Princeton. After another period of illness he followed his brother to Harvard in 1936 (Pergande 2011: 18). In 1946 he was elected into the House of Representatives, where he stayed until 1952, when he was elected senator of Massachusetts (Pergande 2011: 29-31). On November 8th 1960 he was elected president and took office on January 20th 1961 (Pergande 2011: 138). At the age of 43 he was the youngest president ever elected (Pergande 2011: 67). On November 22nd 1963 John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas and buried on November 25th on the Arlington National Cemetery (Pergande 2011: 139) Two years earlier, in 1961 Barack Hussein Obama, the son of a white woman from the low middle class, who was born in Kansas and an African exchange student at the University of Hawaii was born (Marschall 2009: 49-51). Barack Obama graduated from Punahou-Highschool in Hawaii and went to the Occidental College in Los Angeles in fall 1979, where he got a full scholarship. After two years he used the transfer-program, that Occidental offered, to the Columbia College in New York, which belongs to the Columbia University (Marschall 2009: 83-84). In 1983 Barack Obama graduated with a diploma in political science. Afterwards he wanted to work as a Community Organizer to help struggling African-Americans. After applying to several civil rights organizations without getting an answer he decided to take a regular job. He was hired as an assistant by Business International Corporation in Mid-Manhattan in January 1984. In 1985 he left Business International to help the needy people (Marschall 2009: 86-87). Obama worked as a Community Organizer in Altgeld, Chicago (Marschall 2009: 89). Until he got accepted in Harvard Law in 1988 (Niven 2009: 14) and graduated in 1991 (Marschall 2009: 101). 1993 he joined the attorneys office Miner, Barnhill and Galland, which was specialized on civil rights cases. At the same time he also became a professor for constitutional law at the University of Chicago (Marschall 2009: 139). In 1996 Barack Obama was elected Senator in the parliament of Illinois, which was his first elective office and eight years later, in 2004, he became Senator of Illinois (Marschall 2009: 149). After becoming the presidential candidate for the democrat party, he was elected president on November 4th 2008 (Marschall 2009: 11). Barack Obama: The new John F. Kennedy? As we can see Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy had two totally different lives. But why is Obama compared to Kennedy so often? On a very first view Obama and Kennedy were both young, handsome and charismatic and they embodied change and hope, which were common themes during their campaigns (Sorensen 2007: 2; von Marschall 2009: 19). They were dissatisfied with the recent government and economic status of the USA, warned of the danger of war. Furthermore, emphasized the significance of democracy multiple times and also the importance of national strength, to get the United Stated back on track. They wanted to improve the global standing and leadership of the nation. During their speeches, in which they both preached the politics of hope in contrast to the politics of fear (Sorensen 2007: 2) they always treated the American people with respect and never talked down (Sorensen 2007: 2) to them. In his speech Inaugural Address at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on January 20 1960, after he became president of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy talked about freedom, change and hope: We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning-signifying renewal, as well as change (John F. Kennedy 1960). Just like Barack Obama, in his Victory Speech after being elected president he said: Its been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America. (Barack Obama 2008) Both, John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama were first-term senators and comparatively young when they got elected presidents. Kennedy was only 43 years old and Obama was 47 years old. Therefore they were called too young and people assumed that they had a lack of experience (Sorensen 2007:01). Furthermore, during their campaigns the two presidents had a conflict concerning their religious believes. John F. Kennedy was Roman Catholic and there has never been a catholic president of the United States of America before. People were worried about the influence of his religion on Kennedys work as a potential president (Sorensen 2007: 1). In his speech in the Rice Hotel in Houston, Texas on September 12, 1960 Kennedy outlines the real issues of his campaign in 1960, the spread of communist influence, poverty and education. But he also reacts to the criticism about his religion by saying: But because I am a Catholic, and no Catholic has ever been elected President, the real issues in this campaign have been obscured [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] So it is apparently necessary for me to state once again not what kind of church I believe in, for that should be important only to mebut what kind of America I believe in. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] I believe in an America where religious intolerance will someday end-where all men and all churches are treated equal. (John F. Kennedy 1960) There was an issue concerning Barack Obamas religion as well. He was criticized for his church. The priest of the Trinity United Church of Christ, Jeremiah Wright, was very radical in his views, especially about the global political role of the USA and racism. He blamed all white people to be potentially racist (Marschall 2009: 114). Obama also reacted to these accusations with a speech in which he distant himself from Pastor Jeremiah Wright and his statements, but when Wright officially doubts that Obama really distant himself from these statements, Obama breaks with his pastor and leaves the Trinity United Church of Christ (Marschall 2009: 116-117). Also some Catholic leaders thought that Kennedy was not Catholic enough (Sorensen 2007: 2). This is a sentence which Barack Obama also had to hear, but in his case it was referring to his skin color. Because of his white mother and his childhood in an all-white household it is said that his heritage is rather white than black (Younge 2007: n. pag.). Another fact they have in common is that both motivated young people to vote (Sorensen 2007: 3). Kennedy was the first president who used the new mass medium Television (The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 2012: n.pag.) to reach out to the people of his country and his appearance was similar to a pop star, which made him highly popular within the group of young voters and women (Pergande 2011: 68). Also Barack Obama used modern media during his campaign. He was the first president who used online platforms like YouTube and social networks like Facebook and Twitter to inform, contact and mobilize young voters (Marschall 2009: 41). Furthermore, the two presidents were supported by celebrities. Frank Sinatra sung the song High Hopes, which was published on Vinyl record and widely spread 1917. In this song Sinatra sings Come on and vote for Kennedy and Jack is on the right track (Pergande 2011: 66). Celebrities like Will.i.am, with his song Yes, we can and other artists l ike Scarlette Johansson or John Legend supported Barack Obama (Gosa 2010: 399). Both, Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy had a war to deal with. During Kennedys presidency the Cold War took place between the communist and capitalist countries and he also had to deal with the Cuba Crisis and the war in Vietnam (Pergande 2011: 74-97). When Obama became president the war in Iraq has already been started by 43rd president Georg W. Bush and another war was going on in Afghanistan. (Marschall 2009: 21). These wars led the United States into the worst financial crisis of this century and an economical decline in the whole nation (Marschall 2009: 23). Despite all that, there are also a lot differences between Kennedy and Obama. John F. Kennedy was born into a white family which was already part of the American political system for more than 50 years. His parents were very wealthy and so he could afford a good education, though his grades were never that good (Pergande 2011: 19). From the very beginning John F. Kennedys election campaigns consisted of Einsatz der ganzen Familie und ihres vielen Geldes, viele Helfer und die Beziehungen des Vaters (Pergande 2011: 28), which shows us that he was financially highly supported by his family and therefore possessed a fair amount of capital without collecting donations. Barack Obama was born into a family which was part of the lower middle class. He earned himself the right to go to college and got a full scholarship for Occidental. Within twelve years he went from Senator of Illinois to president of the United States of America. Obama financed his campaign with many donations from people who believed in him and his ideas. On his campaign homepage people could donate as much money as they wanted or could, whether it was $5 or $500. But not only their familys heritages were different. John F. Kennedy created an image. American citizens and also the press and world saw him as a young, healthy man with an All-American family which just happened to live in the White House. After there were rumors that he had Addisons disease he denied, which was simply a lie (Pergande 2011: 58). Additionally he has been suffering from back pain, allergies, and asthma his whole life (Pergande 2011: 52). Also his image of the All-American family was a construct. During his marriage with Jacqueline (Jackie) Kennedy he had relationships with several women. The most famous was probably Marilyn Monroe, but he also had an affair with the 27-year-old prostitute Ellen Rometsch and Mary Pinchot Meyer. Until today we do not know how many women he actually had (Pergande 2011: 49-50). Jackie was also very important to maintain the image of the glamorous president (Marschall 2009: 203), because pictures of her were printed in magazines (Pergande 2011: 42). In the media Jackie represented the image of the loving wife, a role she never wanted to play. As a student she said that she never wanted to be a housewife (Pergande 2001: 39-40). Michelle on the other side talks openly to the press and was active during Obamas campaign and presidency (Marshall 2009: 201, 214). And even though Barack Obama wrote about tensions in their marriage, they are, as much as we know of, a happy couple. (Marshall 2009: 212). She also has a dominant appearance with her 1,80m height and a very athletic body (Marshall 2009: 201) unlikely Jackie Kennedy who often appeared doll-like. Conclusion As has been shown, the lives of Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy do have many similarities, but these are only on the outside. John F. Kennedy was a man who knew how to create and maintain a certain image within the press. One can say that he fooled the general public and the created image has little or nothing to do with the person he really was. It seems as if Obamas image is trustworthy and also his family seems authentic, too. Furthermore, their family backgrounds were very different as well. It took more effort from Barack Obama to become a successful politician and later the president of the United States of America than it did for Kennedy. In conclusion one can say that even though Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy seem to have some resemblances during their campaigns the differences between the 35th and 44th president of the United States of America are too big to compare them to each other. This comparison is not fair to either one of them. But in the end, despite all the differences, both presidents created a wave of hope for change in the United States of America, which led to a big cult about their personalities. They managed to move the people and gave them the faith into government back.

The Relevance of Aristotle’s Poetics to the World Today Essay -- Arist

The Relevance of Aristotle’s Poetics to the World Today      Ã‚   The Canadian novelist Michael Ondaatje, in his last novel titled In the Skin of a Lion, wrote that "the first sentence of every novel should be: Trust me, this will take time but there is order here, very faint, very human" (Ondaatje 223).   Ondaatje noted that what makes a novel a novel is order or, as that order is sometimes referred to today, plot and structure.   It is that structure that we, as both the audience and the artist, rely on to understand and appreciate a work of art.   But, even though Ondaatje noticed the order necessary, he did not do what has been done before--offer an explanation, or rather, a definition of that order.   Over two-thousand years before Ondaatje wrote that line, Aristotle, in his Poetics, did attempt to define the order necessary for a work of art, whether it be literary, visual, or performance-based, to be successful.   But we, as modern critics and artists, must ask, can a theory proposed so many years ago still be worthy or in terpretation and study today?   Even a quick look at the literature and the theater produced in the last couple of centuries would reveal the public's answer:   Much of the great art of the world is great because of its reliance on and adherence to Aristotle's theories and definitions as well as a confidence in the new suppositions that have arisen out of Aristotle's words.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before one can apply the theories of Aristotle to the world today, a brief presentation of a few of the most notable of those theories must be examined.   The first of these theories is now referred to as Aristotle's Unities; although, only one of the three unities can be directly attributed to the words of Aristotle.   In book ... ...wise, the longest running Broadway play of all time, Cats, certainly cannot be classified as the universal and clearly neglects the three unities.   Finally, most literature scholars would agree that James Joyce's Ulysses is a classic in literature, but, as it created its own style of literature, does not conform to any of Aristotle's principals.   It is clear though, with an influence in so many works of art, both past and contemporary, that, while maybe not a necessity, Aristotle's theories certainly are worthy of a careful study.    Works Cited Aristotle. "Poetics."   Dramatic Theory and Criticism.   Ed. Bernard F. Dukore.   Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1974. 31-55. Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman.   A Handbook to Literature. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. Ondaatje, Michael.   In the Skin of a Lion.   Chicago: Penguin Publishers, 1987

Todays Highly Competitive Business Environment Commerce Essay

In todays extremely competitory concern environment, there are a batch of companies that are viing with each other for concern and besides these companies have to be cognizant every now and so of a new market participant emerging with new thoughts, technological inventions and techniques that can hinder those bing market participant ‘s concern aspirations. The key to success for concerns is to be able to place that competition and to react to it, be able to invariably develop, get and accommodate, i.e evolve harmonizing to the market demand. This has bought frontward the construct of corporate entrepreneurship. The civilization of corporate entrepreneurship has to come from within the direction of administrations. With the intense competition among concerns, the modern-day manner of direction has given to strategic leading. Corporate Entrepreneurship is the civilization of advanced thought from within people in the administration that ensures sustained growing of companies ( Ra y & A ; Ramachandran 1996 ) . The motivation for entrepreneurship comes from the impulse to heighten client satisfaction ( Ramachandran 2003 ) and besides plan better for the hereafter. The motivation for entrepreneurship can besides be a response to the altering market scenarios that concerns face, whether it is from competition from challengers or in the chase of new concern chances. This sort of entrepreneurship was foremost started at Continental AG by Dr Von Grunberg, who fostered the thought of advanced thought among all staff at Continental when he started as the Chairman of the executive board in 1991. This corporate invention bought frontward the thought of profitableness among each concern unit of Continental AG. The company moved from a scheme of enlargement by acquisition to a growing scheme by profitableness. For this sort of advanced thought ( corporate entrepreneurship ) companies need leaders who are able to anticipate alterations, predict and program for the hereafter. This is what is known as strategic leading. Strategic leaders have multiple accomplishments but most of import among them are the interpersonal, conceptual and proficient accomplishments. They are besides adept at pull offing alterations. Under Dr Von Grunberg ‘s strategic leading, the company â€Å" put about implementing a re-orientation of the company ‘s concern † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . He encouraged the thought of entrepreneurship among all concern units of Continental AG and urged the company to â€Å" endeavor for the prima place in engineering † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) as his sharp vision envisaged the spread and chance for the future technological market. He felt that the Sur market was saturated and Continental could hold non survived merely by being a Sur provider entirely. He put frontward a program for future merchandise and procedure inventions towards being a systems supplier by re-structuring the Research and Development division ( R & A ; D ) at Continental AG, it started to demo consequences, Continental AG moved in front from its dark yearss at the beginning of the 1990 ‘s and re-invented itself in the market. Corporate scheme must be in the custodies of strong leaders in the company and their strategic thought drives a company frontward. Strategic leading is non merely concerned with giving way to present schemes but besides future schemes for the company and programs in topographic point for those schemes. Strategic leading besides motivates employees by giving them the right way in front and fixing them better for the hereafter. 1b ) The 1990 ‘s saw a serious recession in Europe and the universe tyre industry was besides hit by this recession. Vehicle enrollment declined and the market shrunk. Continental was faced with bead in net incomes, units running on losingss and the coup d'etat command of Pirelli. This prompted a strategic alteration in its external and internal policies. Before looking into Continental ‘s strategic alteration, the factors responsible for those strategic alterations in Continental ‘s policy demand to be looked at and is discussed in the nest paragraph. In malice of the hard times talked about in the earlier paragraph, Continental pursued growing scheme and as a consequence suffered immense losingss ( 65 million euro in 1991 ) ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Pirelli, a rival of Continental at that clip wanted to try a coup d'etat of Continental which was non successful and at the terminal it was settled with Pirelli controlled block of portions being transferred to a bank pool and the going of Executive board president Horst W. Urban on May 10, 1991. Continental was besides confronting troubles incorporating the companies/tire trade names like Uniroyal, Semperit, General Tire etc acquired as portion of its growing scheme. â€Å" There were besides hapless net incomes in a figure of corporate divisions † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p740 ) . The company construction of Continental was bureaucratic and centralistic ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The corporate construction was managing â€Å" functional duties † alternatively of being market and client oriented. Most of the direction were involved largely in transporting out administrative responsibilities and lacked entrepreneurial skills/energy and strategic leading and that besides came down to the employees. To prolong in the extremely competitory market, Continental needed strategic alteration and those strategic alterations implemented by Continental are discussed in the following paragraph. More importance to profitableness and invention Continental shifted its focal point from being growing by acquisitions to more on stabilising the company ‘s profitableness and invention and no farther acquisitions. The inventions, Continental stressed would be achieved by the company through its ain entrepreneurial forces ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr Von Grunberg presented a 10 point plan which was designed to put more accent on company directors holding a clear net income orientation and besides be a leader in inventions and engineering. Restructuring the functional orientation in the tyre country Functional restructuring for the tyre country in 1992 saw the old â€Å" board countries of ‘Tire production ‘ and ‘Marketing/Sales ‘ responsible for auto and truck tyres † being dissolved and replaced by merchandise driven â€Å" board degree divisions of ‘Passenger Tires ‘ and ‘Commercial Vehicle Tires/Environment/Research ‘ . Net income orientation of service maps The demand for profitableness besides applied to serve maps like Information engineering. Continental AG outsourced its IT functions to another company which was jointly run by IBM and Continental. Marketing administration of auto tyre division Continental AG acquired a figure of trade names in the 1980 ‘s like Uniroyal, Semperit, General Tire, Viking etc. Their profitableness was looked after by a separate direction squad. One of the major jobs these trade names were confronting was that they were seemingly aiming the same clients and in fact seemed like each other ‘s rivals. Continental AG realised that and adopted a stance of market orientation, a displacement from trade name orientation at the terminal of 1993. Managers were given much more authorization in their parts and they were made â€Å" accountable for the consequences † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . They were besides given clip and infinite in covering with clients and understanding their demands. Cardinal coordination of decentral activities Even though decentralization of the assorted units/activities were pursued, cardinal functional countries like control, finance, engineering, buying â€Å" were retained as cardinal units † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr new wave Grunberg â€Å" continued to exercise direct influence † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) peculiarly in affairs of investing.2a ) How Continental fostered strategic invention ( use Porter ‘s value concatenation understanding )Any company who is looking to last in the long tally in the market must be able to rethink and reinvent its planning procedure in order to keep sustainable competitory advantage in the market. Whether it be through distributing the civilization of corporate entrepreneurship among direction and staff, through advancing strategic leading or through furthering strategic inventions. Inventions are portion of nucleus competences of houses and are indispensable for competitory advantage ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . A careful analysis of Porter ‘s value concatenation ( a utile tool to analyze a house ‘s nucleus competences ) would uncover two really of import facts. The activities in which a house can prosecute competitory advantage can be either by making a superior cost advantage by which it offers the market and its clients a existent value for money or by distinguishing its constituents, merchandises and services from its rivals. Continental was faced with tough times at the beginning of the 1990 ‘s with the economic recession and its failure to react to altering times by redesigning its schemes and policies. However with Dr. Von Grunberg as the president of the executive board it identified the countries to turn to as respects to company schemes and focussed on furthering strategic invention civilization in the company with respects to core competences of distinguishing its constituents, merchandises and services from its rivals. Initial scheme of Continental after the assignment of Dr Von Grunberg in early 1991 ( as the Chairman of the Executive Board ) was to concentrate on the entrepreneurial strength and invention potency of its staff and directors. However that scheme changed with clip, â€Å" following the acquisition of Teves, ITT industries brake and chassis operations in 1998 † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) when Continental went â€Å" beyond its ain operations into the value ironss of providers † ( Kotler 2003 ) in chase of systems supplier position ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Through endeavoring for technological promotion Continental was looking to distinguish itself from its rivals and one facet which Dr Von Grunberg felt that the company could do a difference is in the promotion on the technological forepart. He urged for invention from single employees from every individual section of the company. The attempts bore fruit and resulted in a new tyre line, Eco-contact in 1992 and development of a one phase Sur edifice machine in 1994 ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Continental invested to a great extent in Research and Development ( R & A ; D ) even during the crisis ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) and focussed on merchandise and procedure inventions ( instance analyze 7 ) within the tyre industry. A new engineering Centre was built up in Hannover, Germany. â€Å" The R & A ; D resources from Semperit and Uniroyal were all brought together in Hannover † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p744 ) . Therefore more than 1000 applied scientists and technicians were working together in presenting â€Å" market orientated inventions for car/truck tyres and automotive systems † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p744 ) . There were besides â€Å" research-development-engineering ( RDE ) meetings † where the research workers were confronted â€Å" with the demands of directors from market and client units to further new concern thoughts † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Towards a systems provider for automotive industry Continental AG and its direction under the leading of Dr Von Grunberg in the 1990 ‘s realised that providers of complete systems ( alternatively of tyres or constituents merely ) will play the dominant function in the automotive industry of the hereafter ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The provider market of constituents and tyres was shriveling at that clip. It was at that clip that Continental realised that it could long longer remain as a direct provider of production of tyres merely. It needed to â€Å" integrate proficient human body constituents to organize complete systems to provide to the automotive industry † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p745 ) and the acquisition of Teves â€Å" to make a superior value bringing web † ( Kotler book, p71 ) Formation of a separate board country Automotive systems The board of Continental AG founded a separate board country in 1994 called the ‘Automotive Systems ‘ headed by Albert Beller, a former director at ITT Industries who had extended experience in the human body concern ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . From production of 10000 tyres in 1994 in a affair of two old ages production increased to three million tyres ( 3 million ) . There were besides developments of series of advanced merchandise thoughts for the human body that came along during this clip, viz. TPMS, CECC, CASS, SWT merely to call a few ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . These developments of advanced merchandise thoughts formed the footing for future value add-on and growing2b ) Compare and contrast Corporate administration and corporate societal duty patterns at Continental AG and Goodyear tyreCorporate administration at Continental AGCorporate administration is the manner a corporate is governed, the set of regulations, policies and processes that dictate the manner a comp any is administered or run ( University of Sunderland Handbook 2004 ) . Continental AG follows certain corporate guidelines, administration and codification of behavior which make up the Corporate administration patterns at Continental AG in conformity with subdivision 161 of the German Stock Corporation Act ( AktG ) . The Continental AG Executive board is in duty for the direction of the company as a whole. The executive board is formed of members who portion the assorted duties. The caput of the executive board is the Chairman of the Executive board and is responsible for giving the company the way it needs, including concern policy and overall direction ( www.conti-online.com ) . The Supervisory board is responsible for naming the Executive board and besides supervises and advises the Executive board. The supervisory board is besides represented by a Chairman who along with the president of the executive board discusses the company ‘s scheme and growing. The corporate administration patterns since 1990 ‘s under the able stewardship of Dr Von Grunberg disintegrated the centralized construction of operation of Continental AG and made concern units and concern directors more accountable to the net incomes and losingss sing their units. This developed more transparence in operation at Co ntinental AG. The Corporate Guidelines of Continental AG was reflected in the new Continental policy, the BASICS, the Continental AG corporate guidelines. It has reflected the vision, overall focal point by value creative activity ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) , concentrate on stakeholders, merchandises and services, corporate spirit, values and self-image of the Corporation since 1989. Code of Conduct of Continental AG Continental AG introduced a Worldwide Code of Conduct in 1996 that describes the basic values and rules which are adhering for all Continental employees during their mundane work and when covering with co-workers, clients and other company stakeholders ( www.continental-corporation.com ) . This was to further a long term successful relation with company stakeholders and clients.Corporate Social Responsibility patterns at Continental AGContinental AG understands the fact that a company ‘s success is non merely defined by its growing and profitableness but it besides defined by its societal duty, its lovingness for the society and the universe in general. Continental AG is committed towards sustained societal duty, called the Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) ( www.cont-online.com ) . Continental takes into history environmental and societal facets into history in planing its merchandises and makes certain that its merchandises guarantee safety and convenience in route traf fic ( www.continental-corporation.com ) . The company is committed towards handling its staff in a responsible mode, guaranting they are happy, in good wellness and can keep a balance between personal and professional life. The company besides offers farther making and preparation and development chances for its staff. Continental AG besides supports and promotes resource salvaging merchandises to do certain that the environment is looked after.Continental AG works with the wider societal community in back uping programmes and undertakings on instruction, public assistance and athleticss ( www.cont-online.com ) . Continental AG follows the model of International Global Reporting Initiative ( GRI ) guideline in pulling up its Corporate Social Responsibility Report.Goodyear Corporate administration patternsGoodyear has a corporate administration commission to supervise all corporate administration activities. The commission consist of three or more managers appointed by the Board of Directors ( www.goodyear.com/corporate ) . The commission listens to stockholders suggestions for board members and besides reappraisals and assesses the corporate administration guidelines to do recommendations to the Board. Goodyear ‘s corporate administration patterns has led to innovative thought, merchandise optimisation and optimisation of client satisfaction and is apparent in its new policy of seven strategic drivers ( leading, concentrate on hard currency, low cost construction, leveraged distribution, constructing trade name strength, merchandise leading and advantage supply concatenation ) to better integrate and organize the concern activities so that they are more net income oriented, concentrate more on presenting client satisfaction, focal point on clients appeal on Goodyear ‘s cardinal trade names and better co-ordination with the supply concatenation for streamlined telling procedure concentrating on client and low operating cost ( www.goodyear.com/corporate ) ..Corporate Social Responsibility patterns at GoodyearGoodyear tyre is committed towards the society at big and besides the environment. Goodyear realises that to be a universe participant it must pay same attending to the environment as it pays to success and net incomes. Goodyear follows all relevant environmental wellness and safety guidelines non merely in relation to its workers but besides maintaining in head the planetary society and community in the topographic point in which it operates. The committedness to zero waste landfill in 2006 all was implemented to extinguish all waste from landfills ( www. goodyear.com/corporate ) . Initiative was besides taken for the decrease in the the usage of dissolvers, advancing energy efficiency and commanding wastage of H2O. Goodyear undergoes legion plants all over the universe affecting immature kids, adult females, backward communities to aware them of the dangers in route traffic and the safety measures that will do this universe a better and healthier topographic point to populate in. Some of the enterprises are adult females with thrust, trial coin kits, Nelson Mandela Business alliance to back up the HIV/AIDS people in Africa, kid safety place programme. In decision the corporate societal duty patterns at Continental are more concentrated towards safety and good being of its employees and the society at big, while the corporate societal activities of Goodyear tyres are more focused on the wellness and safety policy and advancing safety to the society at big. 3a ) The construction at Continental AG was extremely centralized and bureaucratic before 1992. This sort of stiff construction made Continental AG concentrate more on functional duties and as a consequence distanced itself from the market and its clients. This sort of construction did non let the chance to look into the wellness of the single units in the company and as a consequence it was hard to happen out or track the beginnings and grounds behind losingss and besides to keep person accountable for the losingss. However the restructuring of the functional construction in 1992 saw the board countries of ‘Production Tires ‘ and ‘Marketing Gross saless ‘ existent in the functional construction in 1991 being dissolved into ‘Passenger Tires ‘ and ‘Commercial Vehicle Tires/Environment/Research ‘ . Alternatively of giving separate duty to a selling team/department/unit, the new construction allowed both divisions to look into their produc tion and besides selling duties. The directors were responsible for reasonably much everything for their divisions and they were given far more freedom and liberty to show them and were responsible for the profit/losses. This fostered the civilization of invention and new thoughts non merely among directors, but besides the directors and the board encouraged entrepreneurial energy among staff. The concatenation of bid was much clearer ( organizational construction ) and this transparence made it possible to put targets/profit demands on top direction in those divisions. In 1996 â€Å" the organisational split up of the rider tyre division into the extremely profitable replacing concern unit and loss devising original equipment concern † made it possible to place the loss doing country from the net income devising country. The loss doing original equipment concern was brought back to gain doing under the leading of Dr. Kessel, who besides promoted the entrepreneurship among al l degrees of the company. But this organizational shingle up was of import as the company was able to work individually on that peculiar country and by 1997 it paid dividends. From 1992 onwards the direction at Continental AG felt that with the shrinkage of provider market in tyres and constituents, it could long longer remain as a direct provider of production of tyres merely, the automotive industry market was traveling more towards â€Å" providers of complete systems † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . It needed to â€Å" integrate proficient human body constituents to organize complete systems to provide to the automotive industry † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p745 ) and the acquisition of Teves â€Å" to make a superior value bringing web † ( Kotler book, p71 ) . The board of Continental AG founded a separate board country in 1994 called the ‘Automotive Systems ‘ headed by Albert Beller, a former director at ITT Industries who had extended experience in the human body concern ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The formation of a separate section ‘Continental Automotive systems ‘ in the corporate construction put greater acce nt on supply of complete systems and led to the development of advanced thoughts and entrepreneurial accomplishments for merchandises like TMPS, CECC, CASS, SWT etc. 3b ) Dr Stephen Kessel assumed the board chairmanship on June 1, 1999. He knew that it was a difficult occupation following in the footfalls of Dr. Von Grunberg, who was enormously successful in maneuvering Continental from its dip in the early 1990 ‘s and turn it into a net income devising company with an entrepreneurial mentality ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . The major challenge for Dr. Kessel was keeping the corporate place of Continental and besides to keep the entrepreneurial energy among employees at Continental. He introduced a new policy known as BASICS which is creative activity of value that benefits all stakeholders with a clear vision and overall focal point ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr Kessel initiated a â€Å" company-wide balanced scorecard procedure for the intent of set uping certain guidelines within Continental † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p752 ) . In this he involved every individual section and devised a balanced scorecard for every individual concern uni t, which was to be reviewed yearly. â€Å" This provided a better handling of the corporate divisions utilizing fewer public presentation figures † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001 ) . Dr Kessel besides played a important function in procuring Continental AG ‘s technological border on competition and taking place in footings of technological invention with the â€Å" freshly founded Strategic Technology unit join forcesing tyres, human body, brakes and proficient merchandises determining company ‘s re-orientation to a systems provider † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p752 ) . He was besides instrumental in acquiring the â€Å" original equipment concern unit † back to gain doing with entrepreneurial activities and â€Å" acceptance of a strategic policy † of non clasping under the â€Å" automotive industry ‘s pricing policy † ( Bruch and Vogel 2001, p753 ) .